Small scale experimental study of vaporization rates of liquid nitrogen released on ice

One of the LNG accident scenarios is the collision of an LNG carrier on an iceberg while transporting on the sea. A collision can result in damages to the vessel and lead to the leakage of contents on ice or an ice-water mixture. When cryogenic liquid comes in contact with ice, it undergoes rapid vaporization and boiling due to the difference in temperature between the ice and cryogenic liquid. This process is different from the heat transfer between water and cryogenic liquid as ice is a solid and thus heat transport to the pool occurs through the conduction. In this paper, the heat transfer phenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid hasphenomena between ice and cryogenic liquid have been studied and the boil-off rates have been quantified. A small scale experiment was conducted to investigate the heat transfer phenomenon of cryogenics released on ice. The amount of cryogenic liquid spilled was varied to determine its effect on vaporization rates and the temperature of ice was monitored. Additionally the vaporization rates were determined by direct measurement of the mass loss during the experiment. As expected, the vaporization rates were found to be a function of ice temperature and w ere f ound to be independent of time for long duration r eleas es. The one dimensional conduction model was validated against experimental results. The predicted temperatures and heat flux were found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.